Free Essays on Obsession

Obsession We, as human beings, are materialistic and sense indulgent slaves. This is something that most people don’t think about. But they do push spirituality away, dubbing it as unimportant when compared to, say, what’s on television tonight, or what’s happening this weekend. It has a severe effect on familial and personal relationships too, including those with ourselves. We are lost in our oversexed, possession-dominated lives, and don’t realize it because it is encouraged by the society and by the media to be like this. I think that as we are brought up in this world, especially those of us that have been born with in the last twenty years, the importance of ownership of many possessions becomes a personal obsession. As children, we constantly have to have what the other kids have; otherwise we are unfit to even talk to. It develops into a constant ambition to always be better than our rivals. Getting an education turns into a way for us to make it to a high point in life where we’re not going to have our faces ground into the dirt by all the rich folk. This pulls us away from our internal purposes. Our dreams and goals, even when carried out, all seem to be fake because we’re accomplishing them for the wrong reasons. In turn, materialism and excessive pleasure can certainly alter our family lives and relationships with our selves. If we’re just taking after the examples of our parents, then the whole family may be absorbed in a generational decadence of morals. And if we are just victims of the expectations of our society, then we may believe that our parents just don’t understand the way we are, leading to disagreements, abandonment, and extreme bouts of depression. Our personal lives are now destroyed. But we continue the downward spiral into obsessions with other things, now trying to drown out the senses. At this point, we don’t even bother to question God anymore. Spirituality is dead.... Free Essays on Obsession Free Essays on Obsession Obsession We, as human beings, are materialistic and sense indulgent slaves. This is something that most people don’t think about. But they do push spirituality away, dubbing it as unimportant when compared to, say, what’s on television tonight, or what’s happening this weekend. It has a severe effect on familial and personal relationships too, including those with ourselves. We are lost in our oversexed, possession-dominated lives, and don’t realize it because it is encouraged by the society and by the media to be like this. I think that as we are brought up in this world, especially those of us that have been born with in the last twenty years, the importance of ownership of many possessions becomes a personal obsession. As children, we constantly have to have what the other kids have; otherwise we are unfit to even talk to. It develops into a constant ambition to always be better than our rivals. Getting an education turns into a way for us to make it to a high point in life where we’re not going to have our faces ground into the dirt by all the rich folk. This pulls us away from our internal purposes. Our dreams and goals, even when carried out, all seem to be fake because we’re accomplishing them for the wrong reasons. In turn, materialism and excessive pleasure can certainly alter our family lives and relationships with our selves. If we’re just taking after the examples of our parents, then the whole family may be absorbed in a generational decadence of morals. And if we are just victims of the expectations of our society, then we may believe that our parents just don’t understand the way we are, leading to disagreements, abandonment, and extreme bouts of depression. Our personal lives are now destroyed. But we continue the downward spiral into obsessions with other things, now trying to drown out the senses. At this point, we don’t even bother to question God anymore. Spirituality is dead....

Stunned, Astounded and Astonished

Stunned, Astounded and Astonished Stunned, Astounded and Astonished Stunned, Astounded and Astonished By Maeve Maddox stun: c.1300, to daze or render unconscious (from a blow, powerful emotion, etc.), probably aphetic of O.Fr. estoner to stun astound: 1600, from M.E. astouned, astoned (c.1300), pp. of astonien to stun astonish: 1340, astonien, from O.Fr. estoner to stun, from V.L. *extonare, from L. ex- out + tonare to thunder; so, lit. to leave someone thunderstruck. Although all three words derive from the same source, each has a different connotation in English. Stun seems to carry the strongest emotional punch, perhaps because it has only one syllable, but also because it has a literal meaning. The other two words are always used figuratively. (I’ve never seen the word â€Å"astonish† used to describe the effect of a literal lightning strike.) Astound and astonish suggest amazement, but the surprise engendered is not necessarily accompanied by the emotional pain suggested by the word stun. He was astounded by the bureaucrats stupidity. They were astonished by the magicians illusions. He was stunned by the unexpected death of his wife. The following headlines and captions from the web got me thinking about these words: Tendulkar stunned at his wax likeness Israel stunned at US firmness on freezing settlements Richard Dreyfuss Stunned at Natashas Accident Twilights Lefevre stunned at loss of role Crowds Stunned at Jacksons Death What first caught my attention was the use of the preposition â€Å"at† after stun instead of the usual â€Å"by.† The use of â€Å"at† instead of â€Å"by† has the effect of distancing the emotion. The metaphor is one of being hit over the head. One isn’t â€Å"stunned at a hammer,† but â€Å"stunned by a hammer.† One is stunned by bad news, not â€Å"at† it. My second observation was that in at least two of the headlines, either astounded or astonished would have been the more appropriate choice. As a general rule, I’d save the word stun for a truly tragic context and use astound and astonish to convey extreme surprise. As for the use of stunning in inappropriate contexts, here’s what David Auburn has to say in the Oxford American Writer’s Thesaurus (p. 861): stunning is probably the most overused synonym for â€Å"very good,† especially in movie ads and book blurbs . . . Use of the word in this context has become not only an empty clichà ©, but also annoyingly counterintuitive: wouldn’t you be more likely to feel stunned by something bad than by something good? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a US Business LetterExpanded and ExtendedThrew and Through

Why i take international business strategy for my undergraduate Essay

Why i take international business strategy for my undergraduate course, any relevant experience, skills and attributes and my long term goal - Essay Example The core purpose of taking this course is to equip myself with the required knowledge and skills of international business. The two important skills are management of diverse workforce (Barak, 2011) and adaptation of business with international laws and the regulations of respective country in which businesses are going to be operated. The knowledge about cross cultural issues is also important. My long term goal is to attain a professionally sound career in an international organisation having prestige in its target market. In order to prove myself capable of such organisation, I need to groom myself accordingly. I should have information about the policies of international organisations and their working styles. I should have an updated knowledge bank about the international trade laws, labour laws and integration practices. I should also have strong communication and interpersonal skills to survive effectively in the diverse challenging environment (Schermerhorn,

The Complications of Implant Supported Fixed Prosthetics Article

The Complications of Implant Supported Fixed Prosthetics - Article Example Increased masticatory efficiency and lack of tissue contact are the key functional and biological advantages in the use of implant-supported fixed prosthetics. These implant-supported fixed prosthetics function with similarity to the natural denture of the patients and patients appreciate the near normal functionality with such implant restorations. Furthermore, there is greater self-image and self-confidence that results from the feeling and confidence of these implant restorations. In the case of such fixed prostheses, there is no requirement for mucosal support. The prosthesis is totally supported by the implant abutment unit, which removes the possibility of prosthesis movement. As a result, any possible tissue irritation due to prosthesis movement is completely removed (Stevens, Fredrickson & Gress, 2000). Implant supported prostheses for the rehabilitation of complete or partial edentulism comprises either of removable or fixed restorations. Commonly employed implant-supported fixed prosthesis is made up of a metal substructure and a ceramic veneer. Several studies support the long-term success of such fixed implant-supported restorations, though the risk of failure of implant-supported fixed prosthetics from complications of the procedure has been less defined. There is also the element of high costs that are associated with implant-supported fixed prosthetics. These two factors make it relevant for a better understanding of the risk of failure that arises from the complications of implant-supported fixed prosthetics (Kinsel & Lin, 2009). Implant abutments customized to patient needs are becoming more and more popular in implant-supported fixed prosthetics, which target replicating the natural situation. Such abutments are shaped in keeping with the individual anatomical requirements of the site of the implant.  

United States Declaration of Independence Essay Example for Free

United States Declaration of Independence Essay In contemplating the relation of freedom and identity, the Latin maxim libertas non datur sine veritate aptly reminds us that there can be no freedom without truth. While certain aspects of who we are, such as nationality or ethnic ancestry, may be cul? turally or serendipitously determined, there is a truth to hu? man nature which, if not observed, corrupts or destroys life and any exercise of freedom dependent upon it. Human nature and the natural law it reflects are inescapable, and, insofar as the Constitution of the United States was consciously fashioned with an outline of human nature in mind, natural law is an in? dispensable aid to proper constitutional interpretation. This essay explores the founding conception of liberty and its interrelationship with human nature. It then addresses how the Constitution reflects these aspects of human nature. Finally, it contains some concluding perspectives on aspects of human nature understated in the constitutional design and what ought to be done when there are disputing conceptions of human na? ture. I. LIBERTY The founding view of liberty was taken up directly by Ham? ilton. In Federalist 15, Hamilton asks â€Å"why,† if man1 is naturally * Caruso Family Chair and Professor of Constitutional Law, Pepperdine Uni? versity; Dean and St. Thomas More Professor, The Catholic University of America Columbus School of Law, 2001–2003; Professor and Director of the Center on Law Government at the University of Notre Dame, 1980–1999; Assistant Attorney General and Head of the Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice, 1985– 1989. 1. The use of the masculine in this essay is intended to include the feminine; the masculine usage is continued in the essay so as not to raise in the mind of the reader any inference that the thoughts expressed are somehow at odds with the quoted material from the founding period, which reflected a different custom in 34 Harvard Journal of Law Public Policy [Vol. 29 free,2 â€Å"has government been instituted at all? †3 Hamilton’s an? swer is blunt and rests squarely on a claim about human na? ture. Government is instituted, Hamilton asserts, â€Å"[b]ecause the passions of men will not conform to the dictates of reason and justice without constraint. †4 Liberty without restraint will not lead to private or public good. How does Hamilton know this? Well, he says, just look around; and further, if the evidence of our own eyes does not convince us and we seek something beyond this empirical claim, he urges us to draw yet another inference about human nature: It is to be expected that men in a collective or group will act badly because the â€Å"[r]egard to reputation has a less ac? tive influence. †5 Think about it, Hamilton admonishes: Liberty will be badly used if joining together obscures accountability. Moreover, â€Å"a spirit of faction† will aggravate these intrinsic human aspects, thereby magnifying the resulting harms. 6 In a group, we will ally with others of like mind in a shameless way to disadvantage or harm others. We will be inclined to use our liberty to pursue â€Å"improprieties and excesses, for which [we] would blush in a private capacity. †7 The desire for liberty to be well used, once â€Å"we the people† were united in political society, greatly motivated the Foun? ders. It will be argued below that this founding conception of liberty informed by human nature accounts for much of the constitutional structure and the express limitations upon gov? ernment power within and appended to it. The justification for the new Constitution is forthrightly anchored in the mainte? nance of human nature as the â€Å"great principle of self? preservation. †8 As such, the precondition for liberty to be used well is honoring the core principle of preserving the truth of oneself—a proposition traceable, as Federalist 43 expressly af? using the masculine pronoun alone, but which this author believes is applicable to all persons without gender distinction. 2. Note that any other presupposition is counterfactual, except to extreme be? haviorists. See, e. g. , Thomas Szasz, Against Behaviorism: A Review of B. F. Skinner’s About Behaviorism, 5 PSYCHOL. NOTES (1991), available at http://www.libertarian. co. uk/lapubs/psycn/psycn005. pdf. 3. THE FEDERALIST NO. 15, at 110 (Alexander Hamilton) (Clinton Rossiter ed. , 1961). 4. Id. 5. Id. at 111. 6. Id. 7. Id. 8. THE FEDERALIST NO. 43 (James Madison), supra note 3, at 279. No. 1] The Human Nature of Freedom and Identity 35 firms, to â€Å"the transcendent law of Nature and of Nature’s God† upon which the nation is founded and all human action de? pends. 9 The question whether identity is a limitation or starting point for freedom may be a puzzler for twenty?first century man, but it is an easier question when tossed the way of Pub? lius. The authors of The Federalist Papers knew human nature or identity to be the starting point for human freedom or liberty. II. HUMAN NATURE What is the law of nature? An early twentieth century lec? turer put matters nicely: Every living creature is the embodiment of some form of natural law. Its duration of life depends upon its obedience to the law of its nature, as embodied in its organism. It lives by being itself, by persisting in being itself, and when it vio?lates the law of the kind of being it is, it renounces life and perishes . . . . All animated beings are subject to the laws of cause and effect, as Nature has prescribed them for each species . . . . [I]n any complex organization, like human soci? ety, something must be freely granted to the individual. This is what we mean politically by â€Å"liberty. † On the other hand, something must be insisted upon for the benefit of the group. This is what we mean by â€Å"law,† in its social sense . . .. Without liberty, there is no initiative, and hence no progress. Without law, there is no survival of the group. 10 It is within the will of man to have positive law either ad? vance human nature or undermine it. It would be a mistake, however, to suppose that the constructed, positive law of soci? ety can disregard the law of nature without consequence. We can construct governments and other social structures beyond our individual natures, but these perform well only if nature’s truths are observed. â€Å"What we must never forget is that Nature never ceases to govern; and that, if men wish to govern, they must govern under Nature’s Laws, or they will be doomed to failure. †11 9. Id. 10. DAVID JAYNE HILL, HUMAN NATURE IN THE CONSTITUTION 24–25 (1926). 11. Id. at 29. 36 A. Harvard Journal of Law Public Policy [Vol. 29 Human Liberty or â€Å"Right† Derived from Assumed Duty The founding generation was studied in the dismal history of societies that sought the false freedom of governing against human nature. If one begins the history of human government with the patriarchal clan, one sees force, but little acknowl? edgment of human liberty or freedom. 12 As the clan gave way to various forms of warrior chiefs and kingships, there was a natural mindfulness of the well? being of one’s group. Several thousand years before Christ, Hammurabi’s famous legal code would describe the clan leader as a shepherd chosen â€Å"to care for the people [and cause them] to dwell in peace and security, that the great should not oppress the weak. †13 The Greeks would give a name to these assumed natural duties of care, and these in turn would later become encapsulated into the notion of rights or liberties. Rights, therefore, arose as correlatives from the reasoned objection of man’s intellect when leaders defaulted on their expected duty of care and irrationally de? prived man of the necessary goods or sustenance to survive. Stoic philosophers like Cicero would bring this conception of human right or liberty derived from duty to Rome, but, with Rome’s fall, barbarian kings once again obscured the concept of natural rights. It would not re? emerge until the American Founders decided to build a government upon human nature and its associated rights. B. Affirmation of Creation as Source of Natural Right or Liberty â€Å"When . . . the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God entitle them, [and] a decent respect to the opinions of mankind re? quires . . . .†:14 With these words, the Founders gave explana? tion not only for the formation of a new sovereignty, but also the human liberty the newly established United States sought to advance. It was an explanation premised upon the pro? claimed truth that man is not self? creation, but created. That the handiwork of the Creator came with a conscious endow? ment of unalienable rights—life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness—led to the conclusion that any governmental form 12. This is not to say that force within the clan was always contrary to human nature. 13. HILL, supra note 10, at 37 (quoting Hammurabi’s legal code from approximately 2250 B. C. ). 14. THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE para. 1 (U. S. 1776). No. 1] The Human Nature of Freedom and Identity 37 that followed would need to have one overriding end: to secure human nature and the rights associated with it. There is much speculation as to why America in the late Eighteenth Century was the locus of natural law rediscovery. Possibly, it was the wide sweep of land, and nature, itself, that the colonists daily inhabited and sought to harness. Perhaps it was the extraordinary discoveries of the era in natural science. Or it may simply have been that no people so distant from their country of origin could rationally continue to think of them? selves as â€Å"subjects. † American colonists were persons enjoying natural liberty. However it was, â€Å"[t]he American colonists came upon this idea in their own way . . . . It was the result of their own experience in self? government, coupled with their faith that their human nature had a Divine origin and involved a moral responsibility of which freedom was a necessary corre? late. †15 If freedom, and the new government that aspired to it, were to be guided by human nature, then that nature would need to be understood. At a very basic level, giving proper attribution to a Creator put human nature off? limits to human redefini? tion16 and secured unalienable rights against the government,17 but a workable government would require some greater identi? 15. HILL, supra note 10, at 51–52. 16. Such attempted human redefinition of truth, unfortunately, is all too common. For instance, disputes abound over what legal protection to extend to an unborn child ever since Roe v. Wade, 410 U. S. 113 (1973), but the legal dispute has absolutely no effect on the truth of the child’s humanity. So too, any association of persons can be legally called a marriage, but such domination has no effect on the truth of what marriage is in terms of conjugal unity and procreative potential. Moreover, because legal assertions have no discernible power to redefine the natural essence of these matters, man ought not to seek to have positive law and nature work toward different ends. Justice James Wilson, who signed both the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, sagely counseled that â€Å"law can never attain either the extent or the elevation of a science, unless it be raised upon the science of man. † JAMES WILSON, Man as an Individual—Abstractly Treated, in 1 THE WORKS OF JAMES WILSON 206, 207 (James DeWitt Andrews ed. , 1896). It was obvious in the 1850s that black men and women were human. Nonetheless, the law pointedly chose to treat them inhumanly. The bloody consequences of the law’s impertinence in ignoring human nature are etched in history. 17. See Thomas L. Pangle, The Philosophic Understandings of Human Nature Informing the Constitution, in CONFRONTING THE CONSTITUTION 9, 74 (Allan Bloom ed. , 1990) (â€Å"This means . . . while the majority retains supreme political power, it does not retain and never had unlimited power. The supreme (irresistible) power governing every rational person’s behavior is the desire for self? preservation and every individual retains the inalienable right to resist perceived threats to his property and existence, no matter what the source of those threats. †). 38 Harvard Journal of Law Public Policy [Vol. 29 fication of the particulars of human nature. A few of these par? ticulars are explored below. III. MAN IS FREE, BUT NOT APART FROM OR ABOVE, SOCIETY In the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, it was under? stood that man was not intended to live alone, but in society. Of course, part of this sociability was a product of pure neces? sity. â€Å"From his beginning [man] was born into [society], and without it he could never have been. Helpless in his isolation, he could be exterminated even by swarms of insects. †18 But the yearning for community was more than a utilitarian means of defense against predatory animals or other threats to physical existence. The Founders read Aristotle and accepted his propo? sition that â€Å"man is by nature a political animal . . . . There is . . . a natural impulse in all men towards an association [with others]. †19 This natural desire, according to Aristotle, arose from two sources: reasoned reflection on right and wrong (which is only a comprehensible exercise in relation to others) and our love of others. 20 A. Jefferson: Man Has a Moral Sense Developed Out of Service to Others Thomas Jefferson most notably made reference to man’s so? cial side, observing in correspondence to John Adams that man is â€Å"an animal destined to live in society. †21 For this reason, Jef? ferson would deliberately criticize the anti? social, atomistic conceptions of Hobbes as a â€Å"humiliation to human nature. †22 Thomas Pangle records that Jefferson had derived from the Enlightenment philosopher Helvetius that we experience pleasure â€Å"when we aid or even when we seem to sacrifice for others. †23 Jefferson was not fully satisfied that Helvetius had explained the origin of the pleasure derived from the service to 18. HILL, supra note 10, at 17. 19. ARISTOTLE, THE POLITICS 10–11 (Ernest Barker trans. , 1995). 20. Id. at 106. 21. Letter from Thomas Jefferson to John Adams (Oct. 14, 1816), in 2 THE ADAMS? JEFFERSON LETTERS 492 (Lester J. Cappon ed. , 1959). 22. Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Frances Gilmer (June 7, 1816), in THE WRITINGS OF THOMAS JEFFERSON 24 (Albert Ellery Bergh ed., 1905). 23. THOMAS L. PANGLE, THE SPIRIT OF MODERN REPUBLICANISM: THE MORAL VISION OF THE AMERICAN FOUNDERS AND THE PHILOSOPHY OF LOCKE 120 (1988). No. 1] The Human Nature of Freedom and Identity 39 others and was unprepared to ascribe the origin of man’s moral sense solely to God since that would leave unaccounted for the moral sense or like sensation in a disbeliever. Therefore, on a philosophical level, Jefferson would conclude that, like other aspects of the moral sense in man, nature simply reveals the pleasure of service. 24 As he grew older, Jefferson would come to value tranquility over continued public service,25 but he would continue to lean upon the theorem that the pursuit of happi? ness was dependent upon the virtue of knowing oneself and being useful to others. The â€Å"moral instinct† that inclines us to do good out of a love of others is, Jefferson would conclude, â€Å"the brightest gem with which the human character is studded, and the want of it as more degrading than the most hideous of bodily deformities. †26 B. Wilson: Man Has Moral Sense Because He Has an Innate Conscience James Wilson would question Jefferson’s reliance upon the pleasure or utility of serving others as a sufficiently reliable ba? sis for the development of a moral sense. Unlike Jefferson, Wil? son would insist that human nature intrinsically includes not only a desire to be social and socially useful, but also a con? science. 27 Relying upon Thomas Aquinas by way of Richard Hooker, Wilson would insist that it is conscience that guides reason. 28 The first principles of virtue are self? evident to man, and, were it otherwise, most men would find the pursuit of vir? tue to be impossible and beyond their capacity. Wilson’s attachment to innate conscience contrasts with John Locke, who, in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, opines that not even the Golden Rule is innately known. Locke is often quoted in a way that makes his writing seem highly relativistic, and certainly the statement, â€Å"[c]onscience . . . is noth? ing else, but our own Opinion,† seems to be just that. 29 Locke was obviously a stronger influence on Jefferson than on Wil? 24. See id. 25. Pangle quotes Jefferson as advising a young James Monroe that â€Å"public service and private misery [are] inseparably linked together. † Id. at 121. 26. Id. at 120. 27. Id. at 121–22. 28. JAMES WILSON, Of the General Principles of Law and Obligation, in SELECTED POLITICAL ESSAYS OF JAMES WILSON 215, 222–24 (Randolph G. Adams ed. , 1930). 29. JOHN LOCKE, AN ESSAY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING 70 (Peter H. Nidditch ed., 1975) (1689). 40 Harvard Journal of Law Public Policy [Vol. 29 son, as Locke’s denial of conscience as innate fits nicely with Jefferson’s proposition that men always inquire further to seek an underlying reason for a moral rule. 30 For Jefferson again, it was the utility of service that brought happiness, not following an inner voice guided by an objective, knowable virtue. Locke would similarly write that â€Å"[p]ower and riches, nay Vertue [sic] it self, are valued only as Conducing to our Happiness. †31 C. Man’s Created Nature Bridges Jefferson and Wilson But Jefferson (and Locke) may not be as far from Wilson as it first would seem. What unifies them is reference to the tran? scendent. All three concede that acknowledgment of a Creator influences man’s moral sense. Locke makes repeated reference to man’s creation, and Jefferson’s â€Å"endowed by their Creator† reference in the Declaration is well known. Nevertheless, Jef? ferson is sometimes described as a â€Å"materialist,† a term he bor?rowed from Locke, or often as a â€Å"deist. † These terms obscure more than they clarify because it was Jefferson’s concession of a Creator God that had real consequence for filling out his con? ception of human nature. As Father John Hardon, S. J. , wrote in apprising the so? called Jefferson Bible, the Life and Morals of Je? sus of Nazareth: That Jefferson believed in God is evident first from his ready acceptance of the teachings of Christ on the subject, the Lord’s Prayer, the Eight Beatitudes, the Parables of the Un?just Steward and the Ten Talents, the Sermon on the Mount—all of which presuppose a belief in the existence of God, the Creator of heaven and earth. Correlative with this goes the belief in prayer and some kind of Providence, and to that extent, at least, an acceptance of some kind of grace, requested for example in the petition, â€Å"Deliver us from evil,† in the Pater Noster. Also the Morals of Jesus allows us to conclude that Jeffer? son believed in some sort of future life, where the good are rewarded and the wicked punished. Besides the Parables of Lazarus and Dives, of the Pharisee and Publican, and the Wedding Feast, Jefferson accepted and extracted the whole discourse of Christ about the Day of Judgment, in the twenty? fifth chapter of Matthew, not excluding the classic 30. See id. at 65. 31. John Locke, Some Thoughts Concerning Education, in THE EDUCATIONAL WRITINGS OF JOHN LOCKE 109, 249 (James Axtell ed. , 1968). No. 1] The Human Nature of Freedom and Identity 41 verse 46, in which Christ foretells: â€Å"These will go into ever?lasting punishment, but the just into everlasting life. †32 What, then, of Jefferson’s self? description as a materialist in the Lockean sense? Hardon writes that it was not a denial of the spirituality of the human soul, but merely the humble con? fession that there is no human proof anchored solely in reason of the soul’s spiritual nature. 33 Hardon’s explanation is persua? sive. Even though Locke (and by extension Jefferson) was un? able to prove the imprint of a moral sense in man and questioned whether reason is naturally inclined toward seek?ing the good, as Aquinas taught, Locke nevertheless insisted on the existence of natural law, knowable only by means of the Divine creator and legislator. 34 By this, Locke meant that hu? man beings are the creation or â€Å"workmanship† of God; there? fore, they belong to God and are His property. From this declared status as created beings, a set of prescrip? tions under the natural law can be deduced. For example, the presupposition of creation allows man to deduce moral pre? cepts in support of â€Å"unalienable rights† derived out of his rela? tionship with a Creator? Owner and other created human beings. These moral precepts themselves then encourage habits of virtue, especially including Jefferson’s insight of service to others. Habits of virtue yield happiness. Disregard the presup? position of man as a created being, however, and think of man as his own self? creation living outside or above society, and the process would work in reverse: unhappiness resulting from practices of vice and self? interest unchecked by any moral sense derived from human nature. Without the public ac?knowledgment of man’s created nature, the derivation of moral sense would be impossible, because there would then be no 32. Fr. John A. Hardon, S. J. , The Jefferson Bible, AM. ECCLESIASTICAL REV. , June 1954, available at http://www. catholicculture. org/docs/doc_view. cfm? recnum? 6040. 33. See id. John Locke writes, â€Å"we do not owe our origin to ourselves . . . .† JOHN LOCKE, QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE LAW OF NATURE 161 (Robert Horowitz et al. trans. , Cornell Univ. Press 1990) (1664). Locke was sure that this is not a religious doctrine, even as such doctrines may confirm â€Å"the truth of our argument that man can, by making use of sense and reason together, arrive at knowledge of some su? preme power . . . .† Id. at 165. Locke admitted that reason may prompt some to doubt God’s existence, but he said â€Å"there exists nowhere a race so barbarous, so far removed from all humanity† that is not suited to â€Å"infer from sensible things that there exists some powerful and wise being who has jurisdiction and power over men themselves. † Id. at 165, 167. 34. See Michael P. Zuckert, Do Natural Rights Derive from Natural Law? , 20 HARV. J. L. PUB. POL’Y 695, 721 (1997). 42 Harvard Journal of Law Public Policy [Vol. 29 stable conception of human nature. Human nature would, of course, be factually constant, but insofar as it would be subject to legal redefinition by those in the possession of force, it would not yield moral clarity for public or private decision. Of course, man is not assured of happiness merely by public acknowledgment of his created nature. When man enacts laws or undertakes personal action in defiance of that created na?ture, he is acting in a way that is contrary to a state of happi? ness. For this reason, if a government of law is to be successful, it must be formed to meet the reality of man’s nature: a reality which recognizes both man’s created nobility and rebelling imperfection. Hence, Wilson insightfully comments: [G]overnment is the scaffolding of society: and if society could be built and kept entire without government, the scaf? folding might be thrown down, without the least inconven? ience or cause of regret. Government is, indeed, highly necessary .. . to a fallen state. Had man continued innocent, society, without the aids of government, would have shed its benign influence even over the bowers of Paradise. 35 he Founders believed man had not â€Å"continued innocent† T and so shaped American government to meet his shortcom? ings. IV. MAN’S IMPERFECT NOBILITY The seventeenth? to? eighteenth? century period out of which the Constitution emerged was, as Arthur O. Lovejoy records, a period of transition between the denigration of man and the celebration of his potential. 36 Theologians and religious writers reminded the Founders of man’s creation in the image and like? ness of God and man’s supernatural destiny, but one satire writer after another demonstrated that man, in action, failed regularly to live up to this nobility. These satires of the Seven? teenth Century were but the flowering of earlier writing. Father James Gillis writes: Shakespeare—the myriad? minded Shakespeare—probably knew man better than any other poet or dramatist or phi? losopher. Certainly he made a life study of man; he tracked 35. JAMES WILSON, Of the Study of Law in the United States, in SELECTED POLITICAL ESSAYS OF JAMES WILSON, supra note 28, at 210. 36. See ARTHUR O. LOVEJOY, REFLECTIONS ON HUMAN NATURE 20 (1961). No. 1] The Human Nature of Freedom and Identity 43 every emotion and mood and thought and passion of man to its secret lair in the human heart, dragged it out, incarnated it in man or woman, king, peasant, soldier, student, lover, clown, clothed it in ermine or fustian or in mourner’s weeds, and made it â€Å"strut and fret its hour upon the stage. † If ever a man revealed ourselves to ourselves, it was that all? But? omniscient Shakespeare. But even he was compelled in the end to confess that he couldn’t solve the riddle of man. Wit? ness the famous monologue, â€Å"[w]hat a piece of work is man! † continuing â€Å"how like an angel! † but concluding, â€Å"this quintessence of dust! †37 A. Man Rationalizes Himself as an Exception: The Self? Interest Problem Thirty years before the Declaration, the French writer Mar? quis de Vauvenargues noted how much we enjoy pointing out human defect, thinking we can somehow exempt ourselves from the same criticism. Vauvenargues lamented, â€Å"We are so presumptuous that we imagine we can separate our personal interest from that of humanity in general, and malign the hu? man race without implicating ourselves. †38 n response to this criticism, man would assert as a defense I his commitment to reason. However, one would have to cau? tiously wonder if â€Å"reason† was itself rationalization and self? deception. Man reaches a conclusion favoring passion over rea? son, then finds reasons to justify the passion and deceives him? self into thinking the reasons discovered were the cause for the initial decision. Again, satirists of the Seventeenth Century regularly pointed out that â€Å"[t]he passions always seek to justify themselves and persuade us insensibly that we have reason for following them. The gratification and pleasure to which they give rise in the mind which should be judging them, corrupt its judgment in their favor. †39 hese insights were best represented in the founding genera? T tion by John Adams. He observed that men tend to act first and think after. Men have a tendency to flatter themselves, and Ad? ams thought this self? deception was responsible for many ca? 37. JAMES M. GILLIS, THIS MYSTERIOUS HUMAN NATURE 5 (1956) (quoting WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, HAMLET act 2, sc. 2). 38. LOVEJOY, supra note 36, at 20 (citation omitted). 39. Id. at 26. 44 Harvard Journal of Law Public Policy [Vol. 29 lamities. 40 Caught up in the various political controversies of his day, Adams wondered why those against him sought to â€Å"blacken and discredit† his motives, rather than address under? lying issues. 41 This trait of human nature has not changed. 42 B. A Government to Bring Perfection from Imperfect Human Nature Richard Hooker had faithfully recorded the noble, but imper? fect, aspects of human nature: Laws politic, ordained for external order . . . are never framed as they should be, unless presuming the will of man to be inwardly obstinate, rebellious, and averse from all obedience unto the sacred laws of nature; in a word, unless presuming man to be in regard of his depraved mind little better than a wild beast, they do accordingly provide not? Withstanding so to frame his outward actions, that they be no hindrance unto the common good for which societies are instituted: unless they do this, they are not perfect. 43 et all was not lost. God had created a universe by counter? Y balancing the forces of physical science, as Newton explained, and man could likewise construct a successful polity by follow? ing His model. So the Constitution came to be, following this instruction of counterpoise or balance, reflected in the planets as well as literature. The Founders, already having declared their fidelity to â€Å"the Laws of Nature and Nature’s God,† pro? 40. See generally JOHN ADAMS, ON SELF? DELUSION, in 3 THE WORKS OF JOHN ADAMS, SECOND PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES 432, 433–36 (Charles C. Little James Brown eds. 1851). 41. Id. at 436. 42. Why, for instance, did environmental groups seek to demonize then? Judge John Roberts as anti? environment because of his dissent in Rancho Viejo v. Norton, 334 F. 3d 1158 (D. C. Cir. 2003), rather than take up the jurisprudential difficulty that animated the Supreme Court decisions upon which preced.

Charles Ginnever :: essays research papers

Charles Ginnever   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A artist that I take a liking to his interesting pieces of work is Charles Ginnever. Charles Ginnever was born in San Mateo, California in 1931. Charles studied both in the United States and in Europe From 1949 - 1959. He started out in San Mateo Junior College in 1949 and completed his Associates degree in 1951. In 1953 Charles moved to Paris, France and studied at Alliance Francaise. He was not done in Europe and moved on to Universita per Stranieri in Perugia, Italy in 1954.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Charles didn’t stop there and went back to Paris, France to study at Academire de la Grande Chaumiere under the Great teacher Ossip Zadkine in 1955. From there it was off to Aterier 17 in Paris, France to study with Stanley W. Hayter. In 1956 Charles Ginnever moved back to the Untied States and studied at the California University of Fine Arts in San Francisco where here received his B.F.A. In 1959, Charles Finally finished his education at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York with a M..F.A..   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After finishing his studies, Charles Ginnever took up teaching positions at many different universities and institutes. Some of these schools included Cornell University, Pratt Institute, University of California at Berkeley and many more schools across the country. Charles has been given many awards and commissions for his works in sculpture. He has most recently been awarded the Lee Krasner Foundation â€Å"Lifetime Achievement Award†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Charles Ginnever sculptures have been and are on display at many museums, parks and galleries. These museums include the San Francisco Museum, Indianapolis Museum of Art, Seattle Art Museum, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Los Angeles Museum of Art, and many more. Some of the parks are Laumeier Sculpture Park, Storm King Art Center, and many more.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Charles Ginnever is best know for his large scale works of art that are made for the outdoors. His sculptures are placed throughout the United States, Philippines, and Australia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ginnever achieves a feeling of order in his work by working in straight forward ways with familiar elements. These element are flat lengths of steel and spaced out in different areas along the ground. They are put together by welding the ends of the steel together.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Charles’ sculptures are meant to be seen by stepping back and seeing the pieces from a distance. As the point of view shifts, the wide strips of steel become thin lines, that make certain angles vanish as others come into view.

Bmgt 488 Chp 8 Exercise 6

Page 286-287 6. You have prepared the following schedule for a project in which the key resource is a backhoe. This schedule is contingent on having 3 backhoes. You receive a call from your partner, Brooker, who desperately needs 1 of your backhoes. You tell Brooker you would be willing to let him have the backhoe if you are still able to complete your project in 11 months. Develop a resource schedule in the loading chart that follows to see if it is possible to complete the project in 11 months with only 2 backhoes.Be sure to record the order in which you schedule the activities using scheduling heuristics. Activities 5 and 6 require 2 backhoes, while activities 1, 2, 3 and 4 require 1 backhoe. No splitting of activities is possible. Can you say yes to Brooker’s request? Legend |ES |ID |EF | |SL |RES |SL | |LS |DUR |LF | RESOURCE | | |Schedule the resources load chart with ES and Slack updates | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ID |RES |DUR |ES |LF |SL | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |1 | | | | | | | | | | | |1 |1 |1 |0 |5 |4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |2 |1 |2 |0 |3 |1 |1 |1 | | | | | | | | | | | | |3 |1 |3 |0 |3 |0 |1 |1 |1 | | | | | | | | | | | |4 |1 |2 |2 |7 |3 | | | | | | | |1 |1 | | | | | |5 |2 |4 |3 |7 |0 | | | |2 |2 |2 | | | | | | | | |6 |2 |2 |7 |9 |0 | | | | | | | | | |2 |2 | | | RESOURCES SCHEDULES |2 |2 |2 |2 |2 |2 |2 |1 |1 |2 |2 | | | |RESOURCES AVAILABLE |2 |2 |2 |2 |2 |2 |2 |2 |2 |2 |2 |2 |2 | | Yes, you can give Brooker one backhoe, however, you have increased the risk of being late if a delay should occur. List the order in which your activities were scheduled. (3, 2, 1, 5, 4, 6)

Compare the Ways

To highlight this attention has to be given to the story and roots of youth work in England. One of the first types of youth work provision was the early network of Sunday Schools founded by Robert Raises and Hannah Moore in 1780. Their idea was to morally educate the children and young people of the working classes because at this time less than a third of children of school age actually attended school; hence the young population, especially females, were uneducated (Smith, Bibb).However the working class attempted to create bottom-up forms of education themselves with the formation of the Young Man's Christian Association in 1844 by George Williams. Within the association were the early characteristics of a youth work approach and an emphasis on healthy spiritual well-being especially for city dwelling young males (Smith, AAA; Smith, Bibb).This reflects the morally upright and patriarchal Victorian views of the time along with the recognition of youth as a discipline in its own ri ght (Staunton Rogers, 2004). By the mid nineteenth century the struggles of the working class had been all but lost with the influx of top-down institutions which were mainly church led. Toward the end of the century young sections of the population were identified as needing activities to engage in to improve their leisure time and to maintain social control.It was widely accepted that this leadership would be undertaken by a range of philanthropic institutions and state run establishments. One of the most significant youth organizations of this period was the Scouting movement started by Robert Baden-Powell. To accentuate the importance of state social control and the Liberalism's political agenda school attendance became compulsory up to the age of ten with the introduction of the 1880 and 1902 Education Acts (Smith, AAA).It was also around this time and Britain's early globalization and the changing social and economic conditions that prompted the Politician's and educated membe rs of society to develop country wide youth practice as observers believed that the youth of English nation were experience new and harsh encounters and a lot of this was to do with the newly constructed phase of adolescence, this new breed of child needed discipline , protection and some nurturing(Davies,1967).As Russell and Rugby commented â€Å"some of the challenges were domestic. As the demand for unskilled especially child) labor reduced more and more young people were neither in school nor work† they felt that the young adolescence leisure time was not being fulfilled and the young â€Å"indulge in ‘one main amusement gambling (Russell & Rugby, 1908: 10-11). D The youth of the country were seen as being tested, too, within a new international context who should, who could, take on these emerging responsibilities?Pragmatic and often major compromises with the laissez-fairer principles which had so shaped Victorian Britain had already been made – in order f or example to errant public health and spread elementary education to the whole population. Nonetheless, in this later nineteenth century period and even into the early decades of the twentieth century the state remained, at best, an unwelcome intruder into the personal and social spheres of people's lives. For responding to the newly identified leisure-time needs of young people, a state role was therefore never apparently considered.Self-evidently, these were suitable fields for voluntarily supported clubs' (Berry, 1919: 96) – a task for thinking people who felt something must be done†¦ (Russell and Rugby, 1908: 12); for those who were conscious of what their ‘happier fortune has bestowed on us from our circumstances' (Button, 1985: 14); who were fortunately placed' and therefore felt very strongly that in some way (action) was incumbent on us' (Chill, 1935: 5). By the early decades of the twentieth century the result was a network of local independent boys and g irls clubs across the I-J.From the sass, under the influence of William Smith, military-style brigades for boys and girls also took hold and by the sass were being supplemented and indeed often underpinned by Baden Bowel's Boy Scouts and later the Girl Guides. In due course these sought mutually supportive links by setting up a range of local, regional and national associations and federations. The Boer War highlighted the need for a fitter, healthier generation of young men and this was supported by social research (Staunton Rogers, 2004).In response to these findings the Children Act 1908 was introduced to establish a Juvenile Justice system, specific medical treatment and free school meals specifically for minors. However, despite young people during this period beginning to be recognized in heir own right there was an ulterior political and philanthropic agenda to enforce social control and Christian morals for both girls and boys (Staunton Rogers, 2004). Nevertheless society be gan to change during World War One as young men were conscripted into the horrors of war and returned transformed.Whereas women were no longer perceived as, â€Å"delicate maidens of Victorian sensibilities† but instead began to be recognized as capable individuals with their own identities (Staunton Rogers, 2004: 4). Subsequently it was recognized that state intervention was needed ND powers and funding were given to local authorities to invest in Juvenile Organizing Committees (Smith, AAA). Up until this point it was still normal to talk about work with or among boys and girls (or young men and women or youth).In the late sass we see the growing use of the term ‘youth work'. The first booklet in the UK appeared with it in its title: Methods in Youth Work (Walked et al 1931). Bibliography Davies, B. And Gibson, A. (1967). The social education of the adolescent, London: University of London Press. IPPP. Laudable, J. (1989) ‘Children in history: concepts of nature and society In: Scarce, G. Deed) Children, Parents and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. IPPP-20. Russell, C. E. B. And Rugby, L. M. 1908, Working Lads Clubs, London, MacMillan and Co Ltd. Smith, M. K. (AAA) Youth Work an Introduction. Http://www. Infer. Org/youth's/b-WY. HTML [accessed 08. 11. 12]. Smith, M. K. (Bibb) ‘Hannah More: Sunday schools, education and youth work' The Encyclopedia of Informal Education. Http://www. Infer. Org/thinkers/more. HTML [accessed 9. 11. 12]. Poverty was abundant and with the start of the industrial revolution it was inevitable that children were used as cheap labor (Laudable,1989. Smith, 2002).

International Wage Differential and Migration between Germany and Turkey

International Wage Differential and Migration between Germany and Turkey Introduction Economic models asserts that migration rises when wage differentials widens between the host country and the home country. If the host country has better payment terms than the home country, more employees will be lured to move to take advantage of the higher payment.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Wage Differential and Migration between Germany and Turkey specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In a more vibrant framework, especially where the migrations duration is temporary, the number of immigrants in the host country is more than where the immigration duration is unending. However, economics model reveals that when the immigrants’ duration is temporal the optimal migration is low. Several factors influence the trend and the magnitude of the migration that is experienced between two countries. Other than wage differentials, the existence of employment opportunities has also been consid ered to influence workers mobility. When job opportunity and existence of wage disparities are merged, a rigorous migration trend is created that entirely shape the economic output of the affected countries. The other factor that stimulates migration is the existence of technological differences among the various countries that are involved. Besides income variation and treed trade has been earmarked as one of the factors thank contribute heavily to immigration. Countries with large income propensities are increasingly receiving large amount of immigrants from countries low-income margins. Similarly, more technically advanced country usually operated at full employment while a less developed countries have high unemployment rates. Therefore, one of the two countries, which meet these conditions, experiences high rates of migration. Due to the erratic nature of immigration, most countries find themselves in a dilemma to contain such movements. Thus, this research project endeavoured considers all the factors that affect migration between Turkey and Germany. In this case, most emigrants move from Turkey to German where wages are relatively higher. Research Objectives The research sought to obtain the rationale of the following issues.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To determine the constituents of wage differential To understand the optimal level of migration in a given country To understand the effects of migration; both to the host country as well as the home country Literature Review The research consulted several written materials to obtain the views and observation of economists concerning the issue of wage differential and migration. In addition, the literature review helps to find consistence between their finding and the finding of this research. History of Migration from Turkey to Germany The migration was more or less active during the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The political changes in Europe were pertaining to the migration rates, especially in the between- and post-war periods; ethnic changes and attitude to ethnic groups was another reason for migration when people were seeking shelter or political asylum. Employment rates and labour shortages became one of the strongest motivations for employees from all over the world to migrate to the countries that were rebuilding their economies in 1950-1960s. Economic differences and wage differentials can be considered another contributing factor to the migration flows (Dustmann, â€Å"The European Experience† 215). As such, the major events that influenced the economic and political changes impacted the migration rates from Turkey to Germany. Modern Migration Though some authors try to trace the roots of the migration from Turkey to German alluding to the colonial migration to the Western Europe (Akgà ¼ndà ¼z 124), modern trends have reve al change of motivators from need of maiden land to wage differentials. Djajic (99) contends that wage differentials are influenced by variation in factor prices. A higher factor price leads to a low return on capital and therefore low wage rates. On the other hand, when the country has low factor prices, the return on capital is high and therefore the stimulating international migration. Another section of economist claims that recruitment fee also influences the bearing of the immigration. Higher recruitment fess adds to the factor cost and it negatively affects the amount of wage offered thus discouraging migration (Massey and Taylor). However, this principle is only applicable under free trade where the country does not practice protectionism. Migration and Income International migration is also influenced by the level of income in additional to wage differentials. Low income from the sending country motivates locals to aspire to go for better incomes outside the country (Faini De Melo 49). One of the reasons for migration was the employment (Eickelman and Piscatori 153). The inclusion of income factor obscures the relationship between migration and trade liberalization. For instance, income below a certain thresholds in the home country complements both trade liberalization and migrations. This is because trade liberalization and migration is liable to promote income in the home country. Once income is augmented to a particular threshold, migration rate recedes or it is entirely brought to a stop. The rationale behind is the fact that majority of the people prefer working in their native countries. Therefore, trade liberalization and migration are either complements or substitutes in the upper income threshold (Faini and De Melo 50).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Wage Differential and Migration between Germany and Turkey specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Technological Adva ncement Technological differences have also been cited as one of the main catalyst of international migrations. Djajic illustrates that a country that is more technically advanced relieves most of its workers from their daily jobs as they are misplaced by machinery (99). The machine usage lowers the pressure on wages leading to low hourly wages; the affected individuals are easily by hire wages elsewhere (Djajic 99). Massey and Taylor dispel this assumption by arguing that international wage trends are not easily predictable and therefore not easily applicable (10). The internal operations of a country economic factor are not readily predictable due to the dynamism assumed by many factors that influence wage rates. natural intuition provide that countries which are more industrialized have high national income and also high wage rate, thus displaced employees find it difficult to cope with low wages than offered in the local country. Educational Opportunities Education can be consid ered another factor that contributed greatly to the growth of migration rates between Turkey and Germany. New educational institutions in Europe and increasing importance of the education in Turkey made the flow of students from Turkey into Europe and, namely, into Germany growing. As reported in the study by Sunata, the European governments in 1990s â€Å"facilitate legal regulations, such as student visas and work permits as well as the probability of grants and loans† (187). This shows that the situation was changing from time to time and the educational opportunities became open and more affordable for foreign students abroad, especially regarding the legal regulations adapted in many European countries such as Germany. Economies of Scales Another notable factor that influences international migration is the economics of scale. Djajic argues that a country that constantly returns to scale generates more demand compared to countries with diminishing returns to scale (100). Hence, increased pull-demand for job is increased in countries that enjoy economies scale. Moreover, the ability of the country to expand its operation increases that is generated causes increased demand for labour, which by extension causes immigration. These countries keep low production costs that allow firms to maintain higher wages. On the other hand, economic models assume that economies of scale rarely exist in the end due to entrance of new firms. This may reduce the duration of immigration, hence leading to a low immigration optimal. Nonetheless, where immigration duration is permanent the optimal level of migration is usually high.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Effects of Migration to the Economy Although most scholars’ associate migration to brains drain but it has been found out that both the host countries and the home country benefits a great deal from employee mobility. Hatton asserts that high economic growth is often experience where the country obtains more work force to utilize the already existing resources (4). On the other hand, the home country benefits from the resources and finances, which are sent home by the emigrants. Conversely, most host countries benefit mostly when the large constituent of the immigrants are skilled with ability to operate the machinery already installed. Djajic contends that immigrants’ remittances assume a type of insurance premium that furnish the risks associated with migration and therefore they feel the welfare of their family is well catered for (254). He further asserts that remittances form an integral part of the decision making on the part of the immigrants, once the remittanc es is able to cater for the welfare of the entire family, immigration decision is reached with ease. Methodology The report was prepared after based on information gathered from secondary sources. These sources include books, and internet reports, which were done on this area. From varied literature, the researcher sieved and collected relevant data utilized for this report. The research covers the migration movements from Turkey to Germany. According to the ILO records, Germany has a higher wage rate compared to Turkey. Moreover, Germany is technically more developed than Turkey thus having a higher demand for skilled labour. With this distinct parity, most skilled personnel from Turkey are attracted by the lucrative opportunity in Germany but not available in Turkey. The data on the two countries that was used in this report was entirely collected from internet and previous reports on these areas available in books. This information was collected from library books, journals, and internet. The ensuing results and discussion was purely based on the findings from these sources. Results and Discussion This section comprises discussions that emanates from the information that was collected from various sources. The discussion strives to find correlation of the report and the previous findings from secondary sources. Migration duration. Table showing the number of emigrants return (Dustmann, â€Å"Wage Differentials† 239). Year 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 No 59 32 29 32 26 14 12 Percent 20.49 11.11 10.07 11.11 9.03 4.86 4.17 Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Total No 13 16 22 10 8 288 Percent 4.51 5.56 7.64 3.47 5.21 2.78 100.00 A table of Immigrants that returned home The above data was collected from Germany immigration office covering the trend adopted by emigrants from Turkey and their return behaviour. This information was used to determine the number of emigrants that returned to Turkey that returned to their home countries a fter the expiration of their immigration period. From the samples it was evident that majority of immigrant were reacted upon to return to Turkey over the last 14 years that was covered by the research. From the observation of 14 years, 288 immigrants left Germany to return to Turkey. This figure is broken down according the year that the immigrants returned. The data above reveals that majority of immigrants that went to Germany did not return to their home country because of the lucrative wages that they received in the host country. It is therefore correct to deduce that most immigrants are ready to default their migration period to continue enjoying lucrative wages in German. Employees from Turkey in Germany, by occupational groups Occupational group 2000 2005 ISCO-1 1,893 2,279 ISCO-2 5,150 4,968 Engineers 1,476 1,709 ISCO-3 17,994 16,661 Total (Occupational Groups ISCO 1-3) 25,035 23,098 Total (All Occupational Groups) 556,498 458,243 Share of ISCO 1-3 in All Occupational Groups (%) 4.5 5.2 Deduced from Bundestamt fà ¼r Migration und Flà ¼chtlinge (Sunata 15). As such, the ISCO-1 relates to managers and senior officials including legislators; the group of ISCO-2 contains professional employees such as medical staff, educators, lawyers, and all the categories of formal education; ISCO-3 covers the category of technicians and other vocational specialisations (Sunata 15-16). Regarding this situation with employment and percentage of occupational groups’ enrolment, unqualified employees from Turkey are more common for Germany than qualified ones. Wage Differential and Immigration Predicted average wage Most of the Turkey’s emigrants are motivated by two things. The duration of stay and wage differentials. When the wage differential is low but the duration of stay is long, most people still finds it worth to go for migration. On the other side, when wage differential is high most employee are willing to work for shorter dur ation. For instance where higher wages are offered say at 20 Euros most people are willing to work even fears. Optimal migration The optimal migration is the flow of human capital from one country to another considering a specific period of time based on the skill-oriented policy when skilled and qualified professionals are motivated to migrate. The current situation, regarding the migration rates from Turkey to Germany in terms of by occupational groups, shows that unskilled workers from poorer country tend to migrate to the richer one. Just like the observation by many economists when the optimal migration occurs where the duration of immigration is long. In this case, the optimal migration occurs when the duration is stay is between 10 to 15 years. At this point, the number of immigrants starts increasing at a decreasing rate. Beyond this level, the most Turkey’s immigrants were willing to return to their home country. Similarly, below this duration stay many emigrants are willing to default their stay contract to continue enjoying longer stay. It was also observed that most emigrants were lured by hefty remittances that they received from the Germany’s government. The above observation coincided by the observation that was made by Djajic who associated most immigration to the effects of remittances (254). Effects of Immigration Concerning which country benefits the most from immigrants, as Djajic points out; most benefits were received by Germany. The only that was received by Turkey was limited to remittances that were disbursed home. However, majority of this information was used to meet domestic obligations as opposed to development projects. Thus, the parity between the two countries is likely to widen because little of the money is used by Turkeys government for industrialization purposes. On its part, Germany benefits greatly from the huge production that is generated by the Turkey immigrants. Therefore, the Turkey continues to lag behi nd as its effort to reduce wage difference existing between itself and Germany remains a far away dream. This observation concurs with Hatton assertion that the host country benefits more from the services provided by the immigrants (4). Conclusions and recommendations Recommendations From the above results, the following recommendations have been proposed to the host countries, which have benefited less from the migration. Since the main cause of migration is wage differential, Turkey could curb mass exodus of its talent and smart brains by implementing the following recommendations. Turkey should assume protectionism policy to discourage immigration that withdraws the best brains from the country to be used elsewhere. The country should strive to increase the income levels in the home country because it has been found out that high-income thresholds complements immigration and free trade. This is also because most people prefer working in their native countries than in foreign co untries. The government should adopt technological advancement to provide job opportunities to the skilled personnel that are left jobless or are underemployed and in the process they opt to seek better pay in Germany. Conclusion Although international migration traces its origin to the slave trade era, the movement people from country to country is still relevant in the modern days. Notably, the factors that influence such movements have greatly changed. However, wage differentials have remained the most critical factor that oils migration of people across nations. Immigrants from Turkey are lured by better income in Germany. Other factors that have been found to facilitate increased migration from Turkey to Germany include trade liberalization, technological advancement, and constant returns to scales. It is evident that Turkey has benefitted marginally from the migration and therefore it would be prudent for the government to contain these movements as the best brains are shippe d out. The only way that it can contain such movements is through adopting some form of protectionism policy. Failure to act on wage differential based immigration away from Turkey would only perpetuate economic imbalance between Turkey and Germany; the gaps will continuously widen. Reference List Akgà ¼ndà ¼z, Ahmet. Labour Migration from Turkey to Western Europe, 1960-1974: A Multidisciplinary Analysis. Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2008. Djajic, Slobodan. International Migration: Trends and Economic Impact. New York: Routledge, 2001. Dustmann, Christian. â€Å"Return Migration: The European Experience.† Economic Policy 11.22 (1996): 213-250. Dustmann, Christian. â€Å"Return Migration, Wage Differentials, and the Optimal Migration Duration.† European Economic Review 47 (2003): 353–369. Eickelman, Dale F., and James P. Piscatori. Muslim Travellers: Pilgrimage, Migration, and the Religious Imagination. London: University of California Press, 1990. Faini, Riccardo and Jaime De Melo. Migration: The Controversies and the Evidence. London: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Hutton, Timothy J. Migration and the International Labor Market, 1850-1939. London: Routledge Publishers, 1994. Massey, Douglas, S., and Edward J. Taylor. Development Strategy, Employment and Irrigation and Migration; Insights from Models. Paris: OECD Press, 1996. Roleff, Tamara, L. Immigration Opposing View Points. Michigan: Greenhaven Press, 1998. Sunata, Ulas. Highly Skilled Labor Migration. Berlin: LIT Verlag Mà ¼nster, 2010.

Insects That Defend Themselves by Playing Dead

Insects That Defend Themselves by Playing Dead Insects use many defensive strategies to protect themselves from predators, from chemical sprays to bites or stings. Some insects take a more passive approach to self-defense, though, by simply playing dead. Thanatosis Predators quickly lose interest in dead prey, so insects that employ the strategy of playing dead (called thanatosis) can often escape unharmed. The act of feigning death often looks like a demonstration of stop, drop, and roll, as threatened insects let go of whatever substrate they happen to be clinging to and drop to the ground. They then stay still, waiting for the predator to give up and leave. Insects that evade predation by playing dead include certain caterpillars, ladybugs and many other beetles, weevils, robber flies, and even giant water bugs. Beetles of the genus Cryptoglossa are known by the common name death-feigning beetles. When trying to collect insects that play dead, its often easiest to place a collecting jar or beating sheet beneath the branch or substrate where youve found the insects.

U.S. Constitution Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

U.S. Constitution - Assignment Example The United States government happens to be one of those with a weak central government as per Articles I, II, and III of the Constitution. This can be proved by the fact that the various powers and duties of governance have been delegated to different offices. In Article I, some powers have been delegated to the Congress, and in Article II, the Executive has its powers while in Article III the judiciary also has powers (The Constitution, 2010). If it were a strong central government, the executive would have most of the powers. There are distinct languages in the constitution, arguments by framers of the constitution and also philosophical underpinnings that support this argument at each level of the government. According to Article I, the legislative powers shall be vested in a Congress which has the sole power of impeachment (U.S. Constitution). Therefore, such cases do not need to be forwarded to either the executive or the judiciary. The fact that the Congress has delegated its powers means that governance is decentralized and at times the Congress can make its decisions and not be answerable to the executive or judiciary. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur: appoint ambassadors, ministers, Supreme Court judges, and other state officers (U.S. Constitution). Article III gives the powers of the judiciary and similar to the executive it also requires a lot of assistance from the Congress. This shows decentralization of authority and a weak central government. The framers of the constitution include both the federalists and the anti-federalists (Marshall & Stone, 2011). According to article I of the constitution, anti-federalists argue that the means of representation was inadequate as it did not cater for the diversity of the American people (Wood, 1969). They also argue that delegating powers to the

Capital Appraisal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Capital Appraisal - Research Paper Example Total Cost 14,000,000 22,400,000 28,000,000 19,600,000 9,800,000 Gross Profit (Rev-cost) 10,000,000 8,400,000 11,600,000 6,800,000 200,000 Less: Depreciation Expense (1,600,000) (1,600,000) (1,600,000) (1,600,000) (1,600,000) Net Profit/Net Loss 8,400,000 6,800,000 10,000,000 52,000,000 (1,400,000) Calculation of Cash Flow Years 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Net Income/Net Loss 8,400,000 6,800,000 10,000,000 52,000,000 (1,400,000) Add: Depreciation expense 1,600,000 1,600,000 1,600,000 1,600,000 1,600,000 Cash Flow 10,000,000 8,400,000 11,600,000 6,800,000 200,000 Present Value of Future Cash flows Years 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Interest factor 0.621 0.683 0.751 0.826 0.909 Cash Flow 10,000,000 8,400,000 11,600,000 6,800,000 200,000 Present Value 6,210,000 5,737,200 8,711,600 5,616,800 181,800 Present Value of Terminal Cash Flow $ Present Value Interest factor 0.621 Salvage Value + Working Capital 4,000,000 Present Value of Terminal Cash Flow 2,484,000 Calculation of Net Present Value $ Present Value of Cash Flows 26,457,400 Present Value of Terminal Cash Flow 2,484,000 Total Cash Flow 28,941,400 Less: Initial Investment (17,050,000) Net Present Value 11,891,400 Option 2 Initial Investment (Cash Outflow) $ Research & Development Expenditure 5,000,000 Since the manufacturing and marketing has been outsourced by Newton to another company Faraday Electricals Ltd, Newton does not have to bear any fixed or variable costs. Calculation of Income Years 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Royalty Payment (No. of Units) 880,000 1,540,000 1,980,000 1,320,000 550,000 x Royalty Payment/unit 5 5 5 5 5 Total Income 4,400,000 7,700,000 9,900,000 6,600,000 2,750,000 The income is the cash flow that will be discounted at the present value factors as... 1. Newton has three options with respect to the operation of the business. The first option is to manufacture market and sell the products itself; the second option is to outsource the entire manufacturing and marketing of the products to another company Faraday Electricals Ltd and receive royalty payments and the third option is to sell the patent rights to Faraday Electricals Ltd and receive the money from it. 2. There are many factors that should be taken into account besides the calculation of Net Present Value (NPV) before making a decision. If the payback period is calculated for option 1, it is 1.83 years which means that the initial investment is recovered in less than 2 years. Payback period for option 2 is 2.5 years and payback period for option 3 is 2.42 years. The payback period suggests that Newton should consider option 1 as it has the lowest payback period. However, payback period has its flaws which make it a less reliable method in making decisions. Firstly the payback method ignores all the cash flows that are generated after the payback period and secondly it gives equal weights to all the cash flows before the payback period despite the fact that the more distant cash flows are less valuable. IRR for option 1 is 42%, IRR for option 2 is 25% and IRR for option 3 is 26%.